گردشگری سلامت دیجیتال: پذیرش اینترنت اشیا در استارتاپ‌های نوآور

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه کارآفرینی فناورانه، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه کارافرینی فناورانه، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشیار، گروه کارآفرینی سازمانی، دانشکده کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

4 استاد، گروه کارآفرینی فناورانه، دانشکدۀ کارآفرینی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/mmr.2025.387108.1143

چکیده

هدف: با توجه به گسترش و تأثیرهای فناوری‌های نسل چهارم، این پژوهش به‌دنبال شناسایی چالش‌ها، مانع‌ها، راهبردها و مزیت‌های پذیرش فناوری اینترنت اشیا در استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت است.
روش: روش اجرای این پژوهش کیفی و روش جمع‌آوری داده‌ها مصاحبه است. به‌منظور تحلیل متون مصاحبه‌های انجام شده از نرم‌افزار مکس‌کیودا استفاده شده است.
یافته‌ها: یافته‌های این پژوهش، به شناسایی ۲۷ کد اولیه با فراوانی ۱۹۶ واحد معنایی انجامید که در سه کد محوری «چالش‌ها و موانع به‌کارگیری اینترنت اشیا در استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت»، «اقدام‌ها و راهبردهای استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت برای پذیرش و به‌کارگیری اینترنت اشیا» و «فرصت‌ها و مزایای استفاده از اینترنت اشیا برای بهبود خدمات گردشگری سلامت» دسته‌بندی شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج پژوهش، در خصوص کد محوری «چالش‌ها و موانع به‌کارگیری اینترنت اشیا در استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت»، مؤلفه‌های سرمایه و بودجه عبارت‌اند از: هزینۀ تجهیزات و ابزارها و پیاده‌سازی اینترنت اشیا و کمبود منابع مالی استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت. مؤلفه‌های ریسک‌پذیری عبارت‌اند از: عدم تمایل به نوآوری و تغییر، انعطاف‌پذیری بیشتر استارتاپ‌ها در مقایسه با سازمان‌های بزرگ وعدم سرمایه‌گذاری کسب‌وکارهای گردشگری در فناوری‌های نوظهور. مؤلفه‌های فرهنگ سازمانی عبارت‌اند از: آگاهی و نگرش کاربردی مدیران و کارکنان و فقدان فرهنگ حمایتگر از فناوری‌های جدید در استارتاپ‌ها. مؤلفه نیروی انسانی توانمند عبارت‌اند از: نیروی انسانی متخصص در حوزۀ اینترنت اشیا و هزینۀ جذب نیروی انسانی توانمند در حوزۀ اینترنت اشیا. مؤلفه‌های زیرساخت فنی عبارت‌اند از: طرح اجرایی مناسب برای بهره‌برداری از فناوری‌های نوظهور، مشکلات زیرساختی استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت و دسترسی مناسب به ابزارها و گجت‌های اینترنت اشیا. همچنین در زمینۀ «اقدامات و راهبردهای استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت برای پذیرش و به‌کارگیری اینترنت اشیا»، سه مؤلفه هم‌آفرینی با شرکت‌های ارائه‌دهنده خدمات اینترنت اشیا، جذب و نگهداری نیروی انسانی خبره و جذب سرمایه‌گذار شناسایی شد. علاوه‌براین مؤلفه‌های مربوط به «فرصت‌ها و مزایای پذیرش و به‌کارگیری اینترنت اشیا در استارتاپ‌های گردشگری سلامت»، در دو سطح گردشگر سلامت و استارتاپ دسته‌بندی شدند که کمک به کیفیت فرایند درمان بیماران، هزینۀ خدمات و کمک به نظارت و پیگیری از راه‌دور گردشگر سلامت مؤلفه‌های سطح گردشگر هستند و افزایش بهره‌وری و کاهش هزینه، ایجاد مزیت رقابتی، افزایش سود، یکپارچه‌سازی و بهبود فرایندها و زنجیرۀ ارزش، کمک به تصمیم‌گیری آگاهانۀ مدیران، افزایش مقیاس، استفاده از ابزارهای فناوری برای بازاریابی در گردشگری، کمک فناوری‌های جدید بر تداوم فعالیت کسب‌وکار و شناخت سبک زندگی بازار هدف گردشگری سلامت، مؤلفه‌های سطح استارتاپ را تشکیل می‌دهند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Digital Health Tourism: Adoption of the Internet of Things in Innovative Startups

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mostafa Oboudi 1
  • Ayatolah Momayez 2
  • Nader Seyyedamiri 3
  • Morteza Akbari 4
1 PhD Candidate, Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof., Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
3 Associate Prof., Department of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
4 Prof., Department of Technological Entrepreneurship, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Considering the expansion and impacts of fourth generation technologies, this study seeks to identify the challenges, barriers, strategies, and benefits of adopting IoT technology in health tourism startups.
Research Methodology
The method of conducting this research is qualitative and the data collection method is interviews. MAX QDA software was used to analyze the texts of the interviews.
Findings
The findings of this study include the identification of 27 primary codes with a frequency of 196 semantic units, which were categorized into 3 core codes including "Challenges and barriers to using IoT in health tourism startups", "Measures and strategies of health tourism startups to accept and use IoT", and "Opportunities and benefits of using IoT to improve health tourism services".
Discussion & Conclusion
As a result of this research, in the field of "Challenges and Obstacles to Using the Internet of Things in Health Tourism Startups", the capital and budget component included: the cost of equipment and tools and the implementation of the Internet of Things and the lack of financial resources for health tourism startups; the risk-taking component included: the unwillingness to innovate and change, the greater flexibility of startups compared to large organizations, and the lack of investment by tourism businesses in emerging technologies; the organizational culture component included: the awareness and practical attitude of managers and employees and the lack of a culture supporting new technologies in startups; the capable human resource component included: human resource specialized in the field of the Internet of Things and the cost of attracting capable human resource in the field of the Internet of Things; and the technical infrastructure component included: a suitable implementation plan for exploiting emerging technologies, infrastructure problems of health tourism startups, and appropriate access to Internet of Things tools and gadgets. Also, in the field of "Health Tourism Startups' Measures and Strategies for Accepting and Utilizing the Internet of Things", three components were identified: co-creation with companies providing Internet of Things services, attracting and retaining expert human resources, and attracting investors. In addition, the components related to "Opportunities and Benefits of Accepting and Utilizing the Internet of Things in Health Tourism Startups" were categorized at two levels: health tourist and startup, which include: contributing to the quality of the patient treatment process, service costs, and helping to remotely monitor and follow up on health tourists, at the tourist level, and increasing productivity and reducing costs, creating a competitive advantage, increasing profits, integrating and improving processes and the value chain, helping managers make informed decisions, increasing scale, using technology tools for marketing in tourism, helping new technologies to continue business activities, and understanding the lifestyle of the health tourism target market, at the startup level.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Health tourism
  • Internet of things technology
  • Technology acceptance
  • Startup
احمدپور داریانی، محمود؛ محمدکاظمی، رضا؛ خادمی، مهدی و رضایی، رضا (1398). شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل پیش برنده ارتقای جذابیت مقصد جهت توسعه کسب‏وکارهای گردشگری پزشکی. فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی توسعه کارآفرینی، 12(4)، 481- 500.
غفاری، محمد؛ جعفری، سید محمدباقر؛ اسماعیلی علی‌بانی، معراج و فلاحی، نیلوفر (1402). توسعه چارچوبی جهت سنجش عوامل مؤثر بر اشتراک‌گذاری تجارب گردشگر در محیط‌های آنلاین برند. بررسی‌های مدیریت رسانه، 2(1)، 110-136.
 
References
Ahmadpour, M., Mohammadkazemi, R., Khademi, M. & Rezaei, R. (2020). Identification and analysis of factors contributing to the promotion of destination attractiveness for the development of medical tourism business. Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 12(4), 500-481. doi: 10.22059/jed.2020.275771.652903 (in Persian)
Al Khatib, I., Shamayleh, A. & Ndiaye, M. (2024, July). Healthcare and the internet of medical things: applications, trends, key challenges, and proposed resolutions. In Informatics,  11(3), 47. MDPI.
Albăstroiu, I., Enache, C., Cepoi, A., Istrate, A. & Andrei, T. L. (2021). Adopting Iot-based solutions for smart homes. The perspective of the romanian users. Amfiteatru Economic, 23(57), 325–325. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2021/57/325
Albesher, A. A. & Alhomoud, A. (2020). Determinants towards a better acceptance model of IoT in KSA and eradication of distrust in omnipresent environments. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 11(12), 533-539.
Almobaideen, W., Krayshan, R., Allan, M. & Saadeh, M. (2017). Internet of things: Geographical routing based on healthcare centers vicinity for mobile smart tourism destination. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 123, 342-350.
Arfi, W. B., Nasr, I. B., Khvatova, T. & Zaied, Y. B. (2021). Understanding acceptance of eHealthcare by IoT natives and IoT immigrants: An integrated model of UTAUT, perceived risk, and financial cost. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 163, 120437.
Asadzadeh, M., Vatankhah, S. & Aryankhesal, A. (2021). The main city branding dimensions in health tourism development: A scoping review. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(2), 6446–6460. https://www.cibgp.com/article_11404_2272d3e8572b8eb10980e8ce604364ee.
Atzori, L., Iera, A. & Morabito, G. (2010). The internet of things: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2787–2805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.010
Balandina, E., Balandin, S., Koucheryavy, Y. & Mouromtsev, D. (2015, July). IoT use cases in healthcare and tourism. In 2015 IEEE 17th conference on business informatics (Vol. 2, pp. 37-44). IEEE.
Baran, Z. & Karaca, Ş. (2023). Next-generation technologies in health tourism. In Global perspectives on the opportunities and future directions of health tourism (pp. 138-164). IGI Global.
Berte, D.-R. (2018). Defining the IoT. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 12(1), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0013
Bhatt, V. & Chakraborty, S. (2023). Improving service engagement in healthcare through internet of things based healthcare systems. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 14(1), 53-73.
Cano, A. M. C., Castillo, V. S., Gamboa, A. J. P., Castillo-Gonzalez, W., Vitón-Castillo, A. A. & Gonzalez-Argote, J. (2024). Internet of things and health: A literature review based on Mixed Method. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Internet of Things, 10. DOI: 10.4108/eetiot.4909
Cheng, Y., Wang, K., Xu, H., Li, T., Jin, Q. & Cui, D. (2021). Recent developments in sensors for wearable device applications. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 413(24), 6037-6057.
Cohen, D. & Crabtree, B. (2006, July). Qualitative research guidelines project.
Connell, J. (2013). Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification. Tourism management, 34, 1-13.
Dadkhah, M., Mehraeen, M., Rahimnia, F. & Kimiafar, K. (2023). Exploring the experts’ perceptions of barriers to using internet of things for chronic disease management in Iran. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 14(2), 440-458.
Desingh, V. & Baskaran, R. (2022). Internet of things adoption barriers in the Indian healthcare supply chain: An ISM‐fuzzy MICMAC approach. The International journal of health planning and management, 37(1), 318-351.
Fatorachian, H. & Kazemi, H. (2021). Impact of industry 4.0 on supply chain performance. Production Planning & Control, 32(1), 63-81.
Flick, U. (2002). Qualitative research-state of the art. Social Sciences Information, 41(1), 5-24.
Ghaffari, M., Jafari, S. M., Esmaeili Alibani, M. & Falahi, N. (2023). Development of a framework to measure factors affecting the tourism experience sharing in online brand environments. Media Management Review, 2(1), 110-136. doi: 10.22059/mmr.2023.359711.1048 (in Persian)
Gholami, M., Keshtvarz Hesam Abadi, A. M., Miladi, S. & Gholami, M. (2020). A systematic review of the factors affecting the growth of medical tourism in Iran. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 8(1), 1-12.
Gil, D., Ferrández, A., Mora-Mora, H. & Peral, J. (2016). Internet of things: A review of surveys based on context aware intelligent services. In Sensors (Switzerland) (Vol. 16, Issue 7, p. 1069). https://doi.org/10.3390/s16071069
Hasić, F., Beirens, B. & Serral, E. (2022). Maturity model for iot adoption in hospitals. Computing and Informatics, 41(1), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.31577/cai_2022_1_213
Hays, J. P. (2020). The internet of things for combatting antimicrobial resistance. In BioTechniques (Vol. 69, Issue 5, pp. 330–332). https://doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0104
Hiwale, M., Varadarajan, V., Walambe, R. & Kotecha, K. (2022). Nikshay Chain: A blockchain-based proposal for tuberculosis data management in India. Technologies, 11(1), 5.
Inzole, A. & Sonwane, S. (2024, June). IoT in healthcare: Applications & challenges. In 2024 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electrical Power and Energy Systems (ICEPES) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Kalsoom, T., Ahmed, S., Rafi-ul-Shan, P. M., Azmat, M., Akhtar, P., Pervez, Z., Imran, M. A. & Ur-Rehman, M. (2021). Impact of IoT on Manufacturing Industry 4.0: A new triangular systematic review. Sustainability, 13(22), 12506. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212506
Konar, R., Islam, M. T., Kumar, J. & Bhutia, L. D. (2025). Empowering tourists through technology: Co-creative destination experiences in the Malaysian tourism sector. In Tracking Tourism Patterns and Improving Travel Experiences with Innovative Technologies (pp. 135-152). IGI Global.
Li, C., Wang, J., Wang, S. & Zhang, Y. (2024). A review of IoT applications in healthcare. Neurocomputing, 565, 127017.
Lindgreen, A., Hingley, M. K., Grant, D. B. & Morgan, R. E. (2012). Value in business and industrial marketing: Past, present, and future. Industrial Marketing Management, 41(1), 207-214.
Mahdavi, Y., Mardani, S., Hashemidehaghi, Z. & Mardani, N. (2013). The factors in development of health tourism in Iran. International Journal of Travel Medicine and Global Health, 1(3), 113–118. https://www.ijtmgh.com/article_33347.html
Majid, M., Habib, S., Javed, A. R., Rizwan, M., Srivastava, G., Gadekallu, T. R. & Lin, J. C. W. (2022). Applications of wireless sensor networks and internet of things frameworks in the industry revolution 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors, 22(6), 2087. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22062087
Malarvizhi, C. N. A., Manzoor, S. R. & Jayashree, S. (2021). Adoption of IOT technology among elderly NCD patients in Malaysia: A conceptual study based on the theory of planned behaviour. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering, 17(12), 108-118.
Medhekar, A. (2020). Digital health innovation enhancing patient experience in medical travel. In Opportunities and challenges in digital healthcare innovation (pp. 13-35). IGI Global.
Moeuf, A., Pellerin, R., Lamouri, S., Tamayo-Giraldo, S. & Barbaray, R. (2018). The industrial management of SMEs in the era of Industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 56(3), 1118-1136.
Nawi, N. B. C., Mamun, A. Al, Isa Yusoff, Y. Z. M., Salameh, A. A., Muhammad, M. Z. & Hayat, N. (2021). Motivation towards adoption of internet of things (Iot) services in retailing among malaysian youth. Malaysian Journal of Consumer and Family Economics, 26, 158–180.
Nugroho, A. Y., Pradapa, S. Y. F., Kristanto, F. & Sandy, S. R. O. (2024). Mengintegrasikan teknologi IoT dan smart destinations dalam pengelolaan pariwisata berkelanjutan. Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro dan Informatika, 3(3), 357-366.
Pencarelli, T. (2020). The digital revolution in the travel and tourism industry. Information Technology & Tourism, 22(3), 455-476.
Pereira, T. C., Costa, E., Borges, I., Silva, F. M., Pinto, A. S. & Vázquez-Justo, E. (2022). Health tourism monitor system model. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 284, 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9701-2_50
Pournik, O., Mukherjee, T., Ghalichi, L. & Arvanitis, T. N. (2023). How interoperability challenges are addressed in healthcare IoT projects. Telehealth Ecosystems in Practice, 121-125.
Prabha, C., Garg, G. & Ahuja, B. (2024, June). IoT in healthcare: Applications, challenges and future concerns. In 2024 OPJU International Technology Conference (OTCON) on Smart Computing for Innovation and Advancement in Industry 4.0 (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Qadri, Y. A., Nauman, A., Zikria, Y. Bin, Vasilakos, A. V. & Kim, S. W. (2020). The future of healthcare internet of things: A survey of emerging technologies. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 22(2), 1121–1167. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2020.2973314
Rahman, M. K. (2019). Medical tourism: tourists’ perceived services and satisfaction lessons from Malaysian hospitals. Tourism Review, 74(3), 739–758. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2018-0006
Rane, S. B. & Narvel, Y. A. M. (2021). Re-designing the business organization using disruptive innovations based on blockchain-IoT integrated architecture for improving agility in future Industry 4.0. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 28(5), 1883-1908.
Ray, P. P. (2018). A survey on internet of things architectures. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 30(3), 291-319.
Rosário, A. T. & Dias, J. C. (2024). Exploring the landscape of smart tourism: A systematic bibliometric review of the literature of the Internet of Things. Administrative Sciences, 14(2), 22.
Saarikko, T., Westergren, U. H. & Blomquist, T. (2020). Digital transformation: Five recommendations for the digitally conscious firm. Business horizons, 63(6), 825-839.
Smith, M. & Puczko, L. (2014). Health, tourism and hospitality: Spas, wellness and medical travel. Routledge.
Sundaravadivel, P., Tumwesigye, C., Mohanty, S. P. & Kougianos, E. (2020, January). iMED-tour: an IoT-based privacy-assured framework for medical services in smart tourism. In 2020 IEEE International conference on consumer electronics (ICCE) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
Szentesi, S.-G., Lavinia Denisia, C., Ramona, L. & Cuc, P. N. (2021). Internet of Things (IoT), challenges and perspectives in Romania: A qualitative research. Www.Amfiteatrueconomic.Ro, 23(57), 448https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2021/57/448
Warner, K. S. & Wäger, M. (2019). Building dynamic capabilities for digital transformation: An ongoing process of strategic renewal. Long range planning, 52(3), 326-349.
Weking, J., Stöcker, M., Kowalkiewicz, M., Böhm, M. & Krcmar, H. (2020). Leveraging industry 4.0–A business model pattern framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 225, 107588.
Wong, B. K. M. & Sa’aid Hazley, S. A. (2020). The future of health tourism in the industrial revolution 4.0 era. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(2), 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01-2020-0006
Yang, C. C., Shen, C. C., Mao, T. Y., Lo, H. W. & Pai, C. J. (2022). A hybrid model for assessing the performance of medical tourism: Integration of bayesian BWM and grey promethee-AL. Journal of Function Spaces, 2022, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5745499
Yulianto, I., Estocada, D. Z. & Cruz, M. D. (2024). Integrated community-based tourism for balanced regional development: A case study of kayutangan area and kampong heritage in Malang city. KnE Social Sciences, 9(29), 326-336.
Zaminkar, M., Sarkohaki, F. & Fotohi, R. (2021). A method based on encryption and node rating for securing the RPL protocol communications in the IoT ecosystem. International Journal of Communication Systems, 34(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.4693
Zsarnoczky, M. (2018). The digital future of the tourism & hospitality industry. Boston Hospitality Review, 6, 1-9.