شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقای برند ملی با تأکید بر جاذبه‌های گردشگری ایران و با استفاده از ظرفیت‌های رسانه‌های اجتماعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده پردیس چمران، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد، گروه مدیریت رسانه و ارتباطات کسب‌وکار، دانشکده مدیریت کسب‌وکار، دانشکدگان مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

هدف: پژوهش حاضر به شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر ارتقای برند ملی با تأکید بر جاذبه‌های گردشگری ایران و با استفاده از ظرفیت‌های رسانه‌های اجتماعی می‌پردازد.
روش: این پژوهش در زمرۀ پژوهش‌های آمیخته به‌شمار می‌آید. جامعه آماری بخش کیفی، ۱۷ نفر از خبرگان و مدیران گردشگری ایران و در بخش کمّی، کلیۀ گردشگران به ایران است. روش نمونه‌گیری در بخش کمّی، غیرتصادفی در دسترس بود. داده‌های بخش کمّی با توزیع ۳۸۴ پرسش‌نامه بین گردشگران به ایران جمع‌آوری شد؛ سپس با استفاده از نرم‌افزار اسمارت پی‌ال‌اس ۳ تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند.
یافته‌ها: یافته‌های بخش کیفی، مؤلفه‌هایی بودند که در دسته‌های عوامل علّی، عوامل زمینه‌ای، عوامل مداخله‌گر، راهبردها و پیامدها قرار گرفتند. عوامل علی: مؤلفه‌های ارتقای ظرفیت‌های اقتصادی، توسعۀ اقتصادی، توسعۀ زیست‌محیطی. عوامل زمینه‌ای: ارتقای ظرفیت‌های اطلاع‌رسانی، آموزشی، زیرساختی، فناورانه و نیز توسعۀ زیرساختی، چالش‌هایی همچون اقتصادی، تبلیغاتی، توسعۀ فیزیکی و محیطی. عوامل مداخله‌گر: چالش‌های اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی، سیاسی ـ حقوقی و قانونی، مدیریتی و نیز موانع اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی. راهبردها: ارتقای ظرفیت‌های اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی، تبلیغاتی، مسئولیت اجتماعی، اطلاع‌رسانی، افزایش دانش و آگاهی گردشگری، راهبردهای اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی، راهبردهای بازاریابی و راهبردهای سیاسی ـ قانونی. پیامدها: ارتقای ظرفیت‌های بازاریابی، توسعۀ فرهنگی ـ اجتماعی. در نهایت، بر اساس الگوی پیشنهادی، میزان تأثیر مؤلفه‌های الگو بر یکدیگر آزمون و مشخص شد که مؤلفه‌ها تأثیر مثبت و معناداری روی یکدیگر دارند.
نتیجه‌گیری: مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر ارتقای برند ملی با تأکید بر جاذبه‌های گردشگری ایران، مؤلفه‌های همه‌گیر و در سطح کلان است. تمام مؤلفه‌ها از زمینه‌های قانونی و سیاستی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی تأثیر می‌پذیرند؛ از این رو استفاده از ظرفیت رسانه‌های اجتماعی، می‌تواند زمینه را برای ارتقای برند ملی، فراهم کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying Factors Affecting the Promotion of the National Brand by Emphasizing Iran's Tourist Attractions and Using the Capacities of Social Media

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ali Salehi 1
  • Taher Roshandel Arbatani 2
1 Assistant Prof., Department of Educational Management, Farhangian University Campus Shahid Chamran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Prof., Department of Media Management and Business Communication, Faculty of Business Management, College of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Objective
Changing the existing image and forming a new and desirable image and mentality is the essence of national branding. The national brand removes the dominant negative stereotypes and tries to replace them with a favorable image based on the capacities. The current research identifies the factors affecting the promotion of the national brand with an emphasis on Iran's tourist attractions and using the capacities of social media in this regard.
Research Methodology
The approach of the current research is inductive-deductive (qualitative and quantitative) and it is considered a qualitative and quantitative research (mixed exploratory). For this purpose, qualitative data were first collected from 2021-2022. The collection of these data led to the identification of many aspects of the phenomenon and made it possible to formulate the conceptual model of the research. Next, based on the findings from the qualitative data, a research model was created and quantitative data were collected to enable the generalization of the findings. In the qualitative part, the researchers collected the required data by conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 experts in the field of tourism and social media.
The participants in the qualitative phase of the research, to conduct the interviews, were experts who had at least 10 years of experience in Iranian tourism organizations. The interviews continued until reaching theoretical saturation. The statistical population in the quantitative part of the research was all tourists in Iran. The sample size estimation formula (Cochran's formula) was used to determine the size of the statistical sample.
Findings
In the qualitative part, causal factors include upgrading economic capacities, economic development, and environmental development. Background factors include upgrading capacities such as information, education, infrastructural, and technological; Infrastructural development is a challenge such as economic, promotional, physical and environmental development. Intervening factors include challenges such as social-cultural, political-legal and legal, managerial, and social-cultural obstacles. The strategies involve upgrading capacities such as socio-cultural, advertising, social responsibility, informing, increasing tourism knowledge and awareness, socio-cultural strategies, marketing strategies, and political-legal strategies. The consequences include the promotion of marketing capacities, and social-cultural development. Then, based on the proposed model, the effects of the model components on each other were tested, and the components showed a positive and significant effect.
Discussion & Conclusion
The factors affecting the promotion of the national brand with an emphasis on Iran's tourist attractions are widespread and macro-level factors, which are all influenced by the legal, political, economic and social fields, and therefore the use of the media's capacity. Social media can provide the basis for promoting the national brand.
Based on the results of the research, the factors affecting the promotion of the national brand by emphasizing on Iran's tourist attractions and using the capacities of social media are: the promotion of informational capacities, the promotion of educational capacities, the promotion of infrastructural capacities, Improving technological capacities, infrastructural development, economic challenges, advertising challenges, physical development challenges, environmental challenges. The results suggest that social media has become the norm for retailers seeking to actively engage with consumers. There is also growing evidence that some consumers prefer not to engage with social media marketing content and that the depth of consumer engagement varies across social media. The results show the significant effects of the media platform on interaction behaviors. This research contributes to the growing studies in the field of social media interaction, especially understanding the influence of social media contextual factors on various participation behaviors.
According to the results of the research, the effective intervention in the promotion of the national brand by emphasizing the tourist attractions of Iran and using the capacities of social media are socio-cultural challenges, political-legal and legal challenges, management challenges, Socio-cultural barriers. A message sent to a specific market or audience contains specific types of information that influence the audience. For this reason, brand identity plays an increasingly important role nowadays in digital form. Every country wants to differentiate itself from other countries by creating a strong, attractive and different brand identity thereby increasing its reputation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Promotion of National Brand
  • Tourist Attractions of Iran
  • Social Media
اکبری، مرتضی؛ دولتشاه، پیمان و دانش، مژگان (1398). تأثیر شبکه‌های اجتماعی آنلاین بر عملکرد نوآوری کسب‌وکارهای خانگی: نقش میانجی ظرفیت‌ نوآوری. فصلنامه نوآوری و ارزش‌آفرینی، 7(14)، 57 – 76.
باصری ازغندی، آرشام (1399). بررسی تبلیغات در شبکه‌های مجازی و رابطه آن، به‌منظور توسعه گردشگری ایران، سومین همایش سراسری علم و فناوری هزاره سوم اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری ایران، تهران.
جبارزاده، یونس؛ حسینی، سید صمد؛ نیکخواه، یونس؛ شکری، سوره؛ صبری، پیمان (1399). تأثیر خوگرفتن به رسانه‌های اجتماعی در تعامل اعتماد به رسانه و قصد بازدید گردشگران و بررسی شدت رابطة آن در صنعت گردشگری تبریز. فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی گردشگری و توسعه، 9(4)، 153-168.
رضاییان، هما (1399). بررسی نقش دیجیتال مارکتینگ و رسانه‌های مجازی در توسعه و بهبود مشاغل گردشگری. پنجمین همایش بین‌المللی گردشگری، جغرافیا و محیط زیست پاک، همدان
شیرمحمدی، یزدان؛ ضرغام بروجنی، حمید؛ جوانی، معصومه (1398). اثر ارزش تعامل اجتماعی، ظاهری و اعتباری برندهای گردشگری در فضای مجازی و تأثیر ان بر انتخاب مقصد گردشگران اروپایی (مورد مطالعه: دفاتر خدمات مسافرتی شهر تهران). تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین، 9(3)، 79-100.
عسگری، محمدهادی؛ غلامی، اسمعیل (1399). تأثیر عوامل تعیین‌کننده حفظ مشتری در محیط‌های مجازی بر قصد خرید مشتریان در زمینه خدمات گردشگری با توجه به نقش خطرات ادراک شده. اولین کنفرانس بین‌المللی مدیریت، گردشگری و تکنولوژی.
علی‌پور، حمزه و علی‌پور، فرشاد (1398). بررسی نقش کیفیت اطلاعات مجازی گردشگری در توسعه پایدار گردشگری ورزشی شهر تهران. سومین کنگره ملی دستاوردهای علوم ورزشی و سلامت، رشت.
گلی، آرمین؛ قلی‌ پورسلیمانی، علی؛ دل افروز، نرگس (1400). نقش قدرت داستان‌سرایی رسانه‌های اجتماعی در توسعه مقصد گردشگری جزیره قشم. مطالعات رفتار مصرف‌کننده، 8(3)، 117-139.
محمدی، محمدصادق و اعظمی، محسن (1399). تأثیر سرمایه اجتماعی و شبکه‌های مجازی بر جذب توریسم وگردشگری (مورد مطالعه: دفاتر گردشگری شهرستان کوهدشت). ششمین کنفرانس ملی پژوهش‌های کاربردی در مدیریت، حسابداری و اقتصاد سالم در بانک، بورس و بیمه، تهران.
 
References
Akbari, M., Dolatshah, P. & Danesh, M. (2018). The effect of online social networks on innovation performance of home businesses: the mediating role of innovation capacity. Innovation and Value Creation Quarterly, 7(14), 57-76. (in Persian)
Alipour, H. & Alipour, F. (2018). Investigating the role of the quality of virtual tourism information in the sustainable development of sports tourism in Tehran. The 3rd National Congress of Sports and Health Science Achievements, Rasht. Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/979598 (in Persian)
Andrei, C. (2019). Exchanging Political Value: The Global Layer in Political Marketing. Journal of Political Marketing, 18(4), 303-306.
Anholt, S. (2007). Competitive identity: The new brand management for nations, cities and regions. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230627727
Askari, M. H. & Gholami, I. (2019). The effect of the determining factors of customer retention in virtual environments on the purchase intention of customers in the field of tourism services according to the role of perceived risks. The first international conference on management, tourism and technology. Available at:  https://civilica.com/doc/1123526 (in Persian)
Basri Azghandi, A. (2019). Examining advertising in virtual networks and its relationship, in order to develop Iran's tourism. The third national conference on science and technology of the third millennium economy. Iran Management and Accounting, Tehran. Available at: https://civilica.com/doc/1117009 (in Persian)
Briciu, V. A. & Briciu, A. (2021). Online Place Branding: Identity Features and Facts. In Handbook of Research on Future Policies and Strategies for Nation Branding (pp. 128-149). IGI Global.
Browning, C. S. (2015). Nation branding, national self-esteem, and the constitution of subjectivity in late modernity. Foreign Policy Analysis, 11(2), 195–214. doi:10.1111/fpa.12028
Buhmann, A. & Ingenhoff, D. (2015). The 4D Model of the country image: An integrative approach from the perspective of communication management. The International Communication Gazette, 77(1), 102–124. doi:10.1177/1748048514556986
Cao, D., Meadows, M., Wong, D. & Xia, S. (2021). Understanding consumers’ social media engagement behaviour: An examination of the moderation effect of social media context. Journal of Business Research, 122, 835-846.
Dimitriou, D. & Sartzetaki, M. (2021). National Branding Shifting to City Branding: A New Tendency for Attracting Investments and Stimulating Regional Business Ecosystems. In Handbook of Research on Future Policies and Strategies for Nation Branding (pp. 150-163). IGI Global.
Dwivedi, M., Yadav, A. & Venkatesh, U. (2011). Use of social media by national tourism organizations: A preliminary analysis. Information Technology & Tourism, 13(2), 93–103.
Fan, Y. (2010). Branding the nation: Towards a better understanding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(2), 97–103. doi:10.1057/pb.2010.16
Farhangi, S. & Alipour, H. (2021). Social Media as a Catalyst for the Enhancement of Destination Image: Evidence from a Mediterranean Destination with Political Conflict. Sustainability, 13(13), 7276.
Garay, L. (2019). # Visitspain. Breaking down affective and cognitive attributes in the social media construction of the tourist destination image. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100560.
Ghazali, R. M. & Cai, L. (2014). Social media sites in destination image formation. In A. M. Munar, S. Gyimothy & C. Liping (Eds.). Tourism social media: Transformations in identity, community and culture (pp. 73–86). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Gilmore, F. (2002). A country – can it be repositioned? Spain – the success story of country branding. Journal of Brand Management, 9(4-5), 281–293.
Goli, A., Gholipour Soleimani, A. & Delafrooz, N. (2021). Power of Social Media Storytelling in the Development of Qeshm Tourism Destination. Journal of Tourism and Development, 10(1), 203-220. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2020.224313.2000 (in Persian)
Handayani, B., Rashid, B. (2013). Conceptualisation of Nation Brand Image. International Journal of Management Studies, 20(1), 165-183.
Hankinson, G. (2009). Managing destination brands: Establishing a theoretical foundation. Journal of Marketing Management, 25(1), 97–115.
Hao, A. W., Paul, J., Trott, S., Guo, C. & Wu, H.-H. (2021). Two decades of research on nation branding: A review and future research agenda. International Marketing Review, 38(1), 46-69.
Hays, S., Page, S. J. & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239.
Hurn, B. J. (2016). The role of cultural diplomacy in nation branding. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(2), 80–85. doi:10.1108/ICT-06-2015-0043
Jabarzadeh, Y., Hosseini, S. S., Nikkhah, Y., Shokri, S. & Sabri, P. (2020). The role of social media involvement and tie strength moderation in relationship between trust and visit intention in the tourism industry of Tabriz. Journal of Tourism and Development, 9(4), 153-168. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2019.183357.1714 (in Persian)
Johnson, J. (2020). Visual identity: everything you need to know about this essential aspect of branding. available at: https://99designs.com/blog/logo-branding/visual-identity/ (25 April 2021)
Kemming, J. D. & Humborg, C. (2010). Democracy and nation brand(ing): Friends or foes. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 6(3), 183–197. doi:10.1057/pb.2010.19
Mabillard, V. & Vuignier, R. (2017). The less transparent, the more attractive? A critical perspective on transparency and place branding. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 13(4), 348–359. doi:10.105741254-016-0051-5
Margarisová, K. & Vokáčová, L. (2016). Regional Branding: Building Brand Value. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, 64(6), 2059-2066.
Merkelsen, H. & Rasmussen, R. K. (2016). Nation branding as an emerging field – An institutionalist perspective. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 12(2), 99–109. doi:10.105741254-016-0018-6
Mohammadi, M. S. & Azami, M. (2019). The effect of social capital and virtual networks on the attraction of tourism (case study: tourism offices of Kohdasht city). The 6th national conference on applied research in management, accounting and healthy economy in banking, stock exchange and insurance, Tehran. https://civilica.com/doc/1122157
(in Persian)
Nistoreanu, P. & Aluculesei, A. C. (2021). Can spa tourism enhance water resources and turn them into a National Brand? A Theoretical review about the Romanian Case. Information, 12(7), 270.
Ojo, S. (2020). Interrogating place brand – a case of two cities. Qualitative Market Research, 23(4), 907–932. doi:10.1108/QMR-11-2017-0151
Pachucki, C., Grohs, R. & Scholl-Grissemann, U. (2022). Is nothing like before? COVID-19–evoked changes to tourism destination social media communication. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 23, 100692.
Papp-Váry, Á. (2018). A Successful Example of Complex Country Branding: The ‘E-Estonia’Positioning Concept and Its Relation to the Presidency of the Council of the EU. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae. European and Regional Studies, (14), 87-115.
Picazo, P. & Moreno-Gil, S. (2017). Analysis of the projected image of tourism destinations on photographs: A literature review to prepare for the future. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 25(3).
Piscitelli, M. (2021). The Nation Brand Image: Representation of the Identity and Creation of an Image of Places. In Handbook of Research on Future Policies and Strategies for Nation Branding (pp. 111-127). IGI Global.
Pop, N. A., Baba, C. A., Anysz, R. N. & Tohanean, D. (2020, July). National branding strategy and its effects on business and tourism. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence, 14(1), 1005-1013.
Rezaeian, H. (2019). Examining the role of digital marketing and virtual media in the development and improvement of tourism businesses. The fifth international conference on tourism, geography and clean environment, Hamedan. Available in: https://civilica.com/doc/1151481 (in Persian)
Sevin, E. (2013). Places going viral: Twitter usage patterns in destination marketing and place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 227–239.
Shirmohammadi, Y., Zargham Broujeni, H. & Javani, M. (2019). The Effect of Social Interaction, Appearance, and Credit Value of Tourism Brands in Cyberspace and its Impact ‎on the Choice of European Tourists Destinations (Case Study: Tehran Travel Agencies)‎. New Marketing Research Journal, 9(3), 79-100. doi: 10.22108/nmrj.2019.117478.1779 (in Persian)
Silvanto, S. & Ryan, J. (2014). Relocation branding: A strategic framework for attracting talent from abroad. Journal of Global Mobility, 2(1), 102–120. doi:10.1108/JGM-07-2013-0046
Tham, A., Croy, G. & Mair, J. (2013). Social media in destination choice: Distinctive electronic word-of mouth dimensions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(1–2), 144–155.
Varga, S. (2013). The politics of nation branding: Collective identity and public sphere in the neoliberal state. Philosophy & Social Criticism, 39(8), 825-845.
Yayli, A., Bayram, M. & Bayram, Ü. (2011). How social media works in destination marketing? A content analysis on Twitter. Paper presented at the 10th international congress marketing trends, Paris.